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PyG (PyTorch Geometric) is a library built upon PyTorch to easily write and train Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) for a wide range of applications related to structured data.

It consists of various methods for deep learning on graphs and other irregular structures, also known as geometric deep learning, from a variety of published papers. In addition, it consists of easy-to-use mini-batch loaders for operating on many small and single giant graphs, multi GPU-support, torch.compile support, DataPipe support, a large number of common benchmark datasets (based on simple interfaces to create your own), and helpful transforms, both for learning on arbitrary graphs as well as on 3D meshes or point clouds.

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• Library Highlights
• Quick Tour for New Users
• Architecture Overview
• Implemented GNN Models
• Installation

Library Highlights

Whether you are a machine learning researcher or first-time user of machine learning toolkits, here are some reasons to try out PyG for machine learning on graph-structured data.

• Easy-to-use and unified API: All it takes is 10-20 lines of code to get started with training a GNN model (see the next section for a quick tour). PyG is PyTorch-on-the-rocks: It utilizes a tensor-centric API and keeps design principles close to vanilla PyTorch. If you are already familiar with PyTorch, utilizing PyG is straightforward.
• Comprehensive and well-maintained GNN models: Most of the state-of-the-art Graph Neural Network architectures have been implemented by library developers or authors of research papers and are ready to be applied.
• Great flexibility: Existing PyG models can easily be extended for conducting your own research with GNNs. Making modifications to existing models or creating new architectures is simple, thanks to its easy-to-use message passing API, and a variety of operators and utility functions.
• Large-scale real-world GNN models: We focus on the need of GNN applications in challenging real-world scenarios, and support learning on diverse types of graphs, including but not limited to: scalable GNNs for graphs with millions of nodes; dynamic GNNs for node predictions over time; heterogeneous GNNs with multiple node types and edge types.

Quick Tour for New Users

In this quick tour, we highlight the ease of creating and training a GNN model with only a few lines of code.

Train your own GNN model

In the first glimpse of PyG, we implement the training of a GNN for classifying papers in a citation graph. For this, we load the Cora dataset, and create a simple 2-layer GCN model using the pre-defined GCNConv:

import torch
from torch import Tensor
from torch_geometric.nn import GCNConv
from torch_geometric.datasets import Planetoid

dataset = Planetoid(root='.', name='Cora')

class GCN(torch.nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, in_channels, hidden_channels, out_channels):
        super().__init__()
        self.conv1 = GCNConv(in_channels, hidden_channels)
        self.conv2 = GCNConv(hidden_channels, out_channels)

    def forward(self, x: Tensor, edge_index: Tensor) -> Tensor:
        # x: Node feature matrix of shape [num_nodes, in_channels]
        # edge_index: Graph connectivity matrix of shape [2, num_edges]
        x = self.conv1(x, edge_index).relu()
        x = self.conv2(x, edge_index)
        return x

model = GCN(dataset.num_features, 16, dataset.num_classes)

import torch.nn.functional as F

data = dataset[0]
optimizer = torch.optim.Adam(model.parameters(), lr=0.01)

for epoch in range(200):
    pred = model(data.x, data.edge_index)
    loss = F.cross_entropy(pred[data.train_mask], data.y[data.train_mask])

    # Backpropagation
    optimizer.zero_grad()
    loss.backward()
    optimizer.step()

More information about evaluating final model performance can be found in the corresponding example.

Create your own GNN layer

In addition to the easy application of existing GNNs, PyG makes it simple to implement custom Graph Neural Networks (see here for the accompanying tutorial). For example, this is all it takes to implement the edge convolutional layer from Wang et al.:

$$x_i^{\prime} ~ = ~ \max_{j \in \mathcal{N}(i)} ~ \textrm{MLP}_{\theta} \left( [ ~ x_i, ~ x_j - x_i ~ ] \right)$$

import torch
from torch import Tensor
from torch.nn import Sequential, Linear, ReLU
from torch_geometric.nn import MessagePassing

class EdgeConv(MessagePassing):
    def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels):
        super().__init__(aggr="max")  # "Max" aggregation.
        self.mlp = Sequential(
            Linear(2 * in_channels, out_channels),
            ReLU(),
            Linear(out_channels, out_channels),
        )

    def forward(self, x: Tensor, edge_index: Tensor) -> Tensor:
        # x: Node feature matrix of shape [num_nodes, in_channels]
        # edge_index: Graph connectivity matrix of shape [2, num_edges]
        return self.propagate(edge_index, x=x)  # shape [num_nodes, out_channels]

    def message(self, x_j: Tensor, x_i: Tensor) -> Tensor:
        # x_j: Source node features of shape [num_edges, in_channels]
        # x_i: Target node features of shape [num_edges, in_channels]
        edge_features = torch.cat([x_i, x_j - x_i], dim=-1)
        return self.mlp(edge_features)  # shape [num_edges, out_channels]

Architecture Overview

PyG provides a multi-layer framework that enables users to build Graph Neural Network solutions on both low and high levels. It comprises of the following components:

• The PyG engine utilizes the powerful PyTorch deep learning framework with full torch.compile and TorchScript support, as well as additions of efficient CPU/CUDA libraries for operating on sparse data, e.g., pyg-lib.
• The PyG storage handles data processing, transformation and loading pipelines. It is capable of handling and processing large-scale graph datasets, and provides effective solutions for heterogeneous graphs. It further provides a variety of sampling solutions, which enable training of GNNs on large-scale graphs.
• The PyG operators bundle essential functionalities for implementing Graph Neural Networks. PyG supports important GNN building blocks that can be combined and applied to various parts of a GNN model, ensuring rich flexibility of GNN design.
• Finally, PyG provides an abundant set of GNN models, and examples that showcase GNN models on standard graph benchmarks. Thanks to its flexibility, users can easily build and modify custom GNN models to fit their specific needs.

Implemented GNN Models

We list currently supported PyG models, layers and operators according to category:

GNN layers: All Graph Neural Network layers are implemented via the nn.MessagePassing interface. A GNN layer specifies how to perform message passing, i.e. by designing different message, aggregation and update functions as defined here. These GNN layers can be stacked together to create Graph Neural Network models.

• GCNConv from Kipf and Welling: Semi-Supervised Classification with Graph Convolutional Networks (ICLR 2017) [Example]
• ChebConv from Defferrard et al.: Convolutional Neural Networks on Graphs with Fast Localized Spectral Filtering (NIPS 2016) [Example]
• GATConv from Veličković et al.: Graph Attention Networks (ICLR 2018) [Example]

Pooling layers: Graph pooling layers combine the vectorial representations of a set of nodes in a graph (or a subgraph) into a single vector representation that summarizes its properties of nodes. It is commonly applied to graph-level tasks, which require combining node features into a single graph representation.

• Top-K Pooling from Gao and Ji: Graph U-Nets (ICML 2019), Cangea et al.: Towards Sparse Hierarchical Graph Classifiers (NeurIPS-W 2018) and Knyazev et al.: Understanding Attention and Generalization in Graph Neural Networks (ICLR-W 2019) [Example]
• DiffPool from Ying et al.: Hierarchical Graph Representation Learning with Differentiable Pooling (NeurIPS 2018) [Example]

GNN models: Our supported GNN models incorporate multiple message passing layers, and users can directly use these pre-defined models to make predictions on graphs. Unlike simple stacking of GNN layers, these models could involve pre-processing, additional learnable parameters, skip connections, graph coarsening, etc.

• SchNet from Schütt et al.: SchNet: A Continuous-filter Convolutional Neural Network for Modeling Quantum Interactions (NIPS 2017) [Example]
• DimeNet and DimeNetPlusPlus from Klicpera et al.: Directional Message Passing for Molecular Graphs (ICLR 2020) and Fast and Uncertainty-Aware Directional Message Passing for Non-Equilibrium Molecules (NeurIPS-W 2020) [Example]
• Node2Vec from Grover and Leskovec: node2vec: Scalable Feature Learning for Networks (KDD 2016) [Example]
• Deep Graph Infomax from Veličković et al.: Deep Graph Infomax (ICLR 2019) [Example1, Example2]
• Deep Multiplex Graph Infomax from Park et al.: Unsupervised Attributed Multiplex Network Embedding (AAAI 2020) [Example]
• Masked Label Prediction from Shi et al.: Masked Label Prediction: Unified Message Passing Model for Semi-Supervised Classification (CoRR 2020) [Example]
• PMLP from Yang et al.: Graph Neural Networks are Inherently Good Generalizers: Insights by Bridging GNNs and MLPs (ICLR 2023)

GNN operators and utilities: PyG comes with a rich set of neural network operators that are commonly used in many GNN models. They follow an extensible design: It is easy to apply these operators and graph utilities to existing GNN layers and models to further enhance model performance.

• DropEdge from Rong et al.: DropEdge: Towards Deep Graph Convolutional Networks on Node Classification (ICLR 2020)
• DropNode, MaskFeature and AddRandomEdge from You et al.: Graph Contrastive Learning with Augmentations (NeurIPS 2020)
• DropPath from Li et al.: MaskGAE: Masked Graph Modeling Meets Graph Autoencoders (arXiv 2022)
• ShuffleNode from Veličković et al.: Deep Graph Infomax (ICLR 2019)
• GraphNorm from Cai et al.: GraphNorm: A Principled Approach to Accelerating Graph Neural Network Training (ICML 2021)
• GDC from Klicpera et al.: Diffusion Improves Graph Learning (NeurIPS 2019) [Example]

Scalable GNNs: PyG supports the implementation of Graph Neural Networks that can scale to large-scale graphs. Such application is challenging since the entire graph, its associated features and the GNN parameters cannot fit into GPU memory. Many state-of-the-art scalability approaches tackle this challenge by sampling neighborhoods for mini-batch training, graph clustering and partitioning, or by using simplified GNN models. These approaches have been implemented in PyG, and can benefit from the above GNN layers, operators and models.

• NeighborLoader from Hamilton et al.: Inductive Representation Learning on Large Graphs (NIPS 2017) [Example1, Example2, Example3]
• ClusterGCN from Chiang et al.: Cluster-GCN: An Efficient Algorithm for Training Deep and Large Graph Convolutional Networks (KDD 2019) [Example1, Example2]
• GraphSAINT from Zeng et al.: GraphSAINT: Graph Sampling Based Inductive Learning Method (ICLR 2020) [Example]

Installation

PyG is available for Python 3.9 to Python 3.12.

Anaconda

You can now install PyG via Anaconda for all major OS/PyTorch/CUDA combinations 🤗 If you have not yet installed PyTorch, install it via conda as described in the official PyTorch documentation. Given that you have PyTorch installed (>=1.8.0), simply run

conda install pyg -c pyg

PyPi

From PyG 2.3 onwards, you can install and use PyG without any external library required except for PyTorch. For this, simply run

pip install torch_geometric

Additional Libraries

If you want to utilize the full set of features from PyG, there exists several additional libraries you may want to install:

• pyg-lib: Heterogeneous GNN operators and graph sampling routines
• torch-scatter: Accelerated and efficient sparse reductions
• torch-sparse: SparseTensor support
• torch-cluster: Graph clustering routines
• torch-spline-conv: SplineConv support

These packages come with their own CPU and GPU kernel implementations based on the PyTorch C++/CUDA/hip(ROCm) extension interface. For a basic usage of PyG, these dependencies are fully optional. We recommend to start with a minimal installation, and install additional dependencies once you start to actually need them.

For ease of installation of these extensions, we provide pip wheels for all major OS/PyTorch/CUDA combinations, see here.

PyTorch 2.4

To install the binaries for PyTorch 2.4.0, simply run

pip install pyg_lib torch_scatter torch_sparse torch_cluster torch_spline_conv -f https://data.pyg.org/whl/torch-2.4.0+${CUDA}.html

where ${CUDA} should be replaced by either cpu, cu118, cu121, or cu124 depending on your PyTorch installation.

PyTorch 2.3

To install the binaries for PyTorch 2.3.0, simply run

pip install pyg_lib torch_scatter torch_sparse torch_cluster torch_spline_conv -f https://data.pyg.org/whl/torch-2.3.0+${CUDA}.html

where ${CUDA} should be replaced by either cpu, cu118, or cu121 depending on your PyTorch installation.

Note: Binaries of older versions are also provided for PyTorch 1.4.0, PyTorch 1.5.0, PyTorch 1.6.0, PyTorch 1.7.0/1.7.1, PyTorch 1.8.0/1.8.1, PyTorch 1.9.0, PyTorch 1.10.0/1.10.1/1.10.2, PyTorch 1.11.0, PyTorch 1.12.0/1.12.1, PyTorch 1.13.0/1.13.1, PyTorch 2.0.0/2.0.1, PyTorch 2.1.0/2.1.1/2.1.2, and PyTorch 2.2.0/2.2.1/2.2.2 (following the same procedure). For older versions, you might need to explicitly specify the latest supported version number or install via pip install --no-index in order to prevent a manual installation from source. You can look up the latest supported version number here.

NVIDIA PyG Container

NVIDIA provides a PyG docker container for effortlessly training and deploying GPU accelerated GNNs with PyG, see here.

Nightly and Master

In case you want to experiment with the latest PyG features which are not fully released yet, either install the nightly version of PyG via

pip install pyg-nightly

or install PyG from master via

pip install git+https://github.com/pyg-team/pytorch_geometric.git

ROCm Wheels

The external pyg-rocm-build repository provides wheels and detailed instructions on how to install PyG for ROCm. If you have any questions about it, please open an issue here.

Cite

Please cite our paper (and the respective papers of the methods used) if you use this code in your own work:

@inproceedings{Fey/Lenssen/2019,
  title={Fast Graph Representation Learning with {PyTorch Geometric}},
  author={Fey, Matthias and Lenssen, Jan E.},
  booktitle={ICLR Workshop on Representation Learning on Graphs and Manifolds},
  year={2019},
}

Feel free to email us if you wish your work to be listed in the external resources. If you notice anything unexpected, please open an issue and let us know. If you have any questions or are missing a specific feature, feel free to discuss them with us. We are motivated to constantly make PyG even better.